 | Dragonchain Public Proposal TL;DR: Dragonchain has demonstrated twice Reddit’s entire total daily volume (votes, comments, and posts per Reddit 2019 Year in Review) in a 24-hour demo on an operational network. Every single transaction on Dragonchain is decentralized immediately through 5 levels of Dragon Net, and then secured with combined proof on Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and Binance Chain, via Interchain. At the time, in January 2020, the entire cost of the demo was approximately $25K on a single system (transaction fees locked at $0.0001/txn). With current fees (lowest fee $0.0000025/txn), this would cost as little as $625. W atch Joe walk through the entire proposal and answer questions on YouTube. This proposal is also available on the Dragonchain blog. Hello Reddit and Ethereum community! I’m Joe Roets, Founder & CEO of Dragonchain. When the team and I first heard about The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off we were intrigued. We believe we have the solutions Reddit seeks for its community points system and we have them at scale. For your consideration, we have submitted our proposal below. The team at Dragonchain and I welcome and look forward to your technical questions, philosophical feedback, and fair criticism, to build a scaling solution for Reddit that will empower its users. Because our architecture is unlike other blockchain platforms out there today, we expect to receive many questions while people try to grasp our project. I will answer all questions here in this thread on Reddit, and I've answered some questions in the stream on YouTube. We have seen good discussions so far in the competition. We hope that Reddit’s scaling solution will emerge from The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off and that Reddit will have great success with the implementation. Executive summary Dragonchain is a robust open source hybrid blockchain platform that has proven to withstand the passing of time since our inception in 2014. We have continued to evolve to harness the scalability of private nodes, yet take full advantage of the security of public decentralized networks, like Ethereum. We have a live, operational, and fully functional Interchain network integrating Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and ~700 independent Dragonchain nodes. Every transaction is secured to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Ethereum Classic. Transactions are immediately usable on chain, and the first decentralization is seen within 20 seconds on Dragon Net. Security increases further to public networks ETH, BTC, and ETC within 10 minutes to 2 hours. Smart contracts can be written in any executable language, offering full freedom to existing developers. We invite any developer to watch the demo, play with our SDK’s, review open source code, and to help us move forward. Dragonchain specializes in scalable loyalty & rewards solutions and has built a decentralized social network on chain, with very affordable transaction costs. This experience can be combined with the insights Reddit and the Ethereum community have gained in the past couple of months to roll out the solution at a rapid pace. Response and PoC In The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off post, Reddit has asked for a series of demonstrations, requirements, and other considerations. In this section, we will attempt to answer all of these requests. Live Demo A live proof of concept showing hundreds of thousands of transactions
On Jan 7, 2020, Dragonchain hosted a 24-hour live demonstration during which a quarter of a billion (250 million+) transactions executed fully on an operational network. Every single transaction on Dragonchain is decentralized immediately through 5 levels of Dragon Net, and then secured with combined proof on Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and Binance Chain, via Interchain. This means that every single transaction is secured by, and traceable to these networks. An attack on this system would require a simultaneous attack on all of the Interchained networks. 24 hours in 4 minutes ( YouTube): 24 hours in 4 minutes The demonstration was of a single business system, and any user is able to scale this further, by running multiple systems simultaneously. Our goals for the event were to demonstrate a consistent capacity greater than that of Visa over an extended time period. Tooling to reproduce our demo is available here: https://github.com/dragonchain/spirit-bomb Source Code Source code (for on & off-chain components as well tooling used for the PoC). The source code does not have to be shared publicly, but if Reddit decides to use a particular solution it will need to be shared with Reddit at some point.
Scaling How it works & scales
Architectural Scaling Dragonchain’s architecture attacks the scalability issue from multiple angles. Dragonchain is a hybrid blockchain platform, wherein every transaction is protected on a business node to the requirements of that business or purpose. A business node may be held completely private or may be exposed or replicated to any level of exposure desired. Every node has its own blockchain and is independently scalable. Dragonchain established Context Based Verification as its consensus model. Every transaction is immediately usable on a trust basis, and in time is provable to an increasing level of decentralized consensus. A transaction will have a level of decentralization to independently owned and deployed Dragonchain nodes (~700 nodes) within seconds, and full decentralization to BTC and ETH within minutes or hours. Level 5 nodes (Interchain nodes) function to secure all transactions to public or otherwise external chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These nodes scale the system by aggregating multiple blocks into a single Interchain transaction on a cadence. This timing is configurable based upon average fees for each respective chain. For detailed information about Dragonchain’s architecture, and Context Based Verification, please refer to the Dragonchain Architecture Document. Economic Scaling An interesting feature of Dragonchain’s network consensus is its economics and scarcity model. Since Dragon Net nodes (L2-L4) are independent staking nodes, deployment to cloud platforms would allow any of these nodes to scale to take on a large percentage of the verification work. This is great for scalability, but not good for the economy, because there is no scarcity, and pricing would develop a downward spiral and result in fewer verification nodes. For this reason, Dragonchain uses TIME as scarcity. TIME is calculated as the number of Dragons held, multiplied by the number of days held. TIME influences the user’s access to features within the Dragonchain ecosystem. It takes into account both the Dragon balance and length of time each Dragon is held. TIME is staked by users against every verification node and dictates how much of the transaction fees are awarded to each participating node for every block. TIME also dictates the transaction fee itself for the business node. TIME is staked against a business node to set a deterministic transaction fee level (see transaction fee table below in Cost section). This is very interesting in a discussion about scaling because it guarantees independence for business implementation. No matter how much traffic appears on the entire network, a business is guaranteed to not see an increased transaction fee rate. Scaled Deployment Dragonchain uses Docker and Kubernetes to allow the use of best practices traditional system scaling. Dragonchain offers managed nodes with an easy to use web based console interface. The user may also deploy a Dragonchain node within their own datacenter or favorite cloud platform. Users have deployed Dragonchain nodes on-prem on Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, MS Azure, and other hosting platforms around the world. Any executable code, anything you can write, can be written into a smart contract. This flexibility is what allows us to say that developers with no blockchain experience can use any code language to access the benefits of blockchain. Customers have used NodeJS, Python, Java, and even BASH shell script to write smart contracts on Dragonchain. With Docker containers, we achieve better separation of concerns, faster deployment, higher reliability, and lower response times. We chose Kubernetes for its self-healing features, ability to run multiple services on one server, and its large and thriving development community. It is resilient, scalable, and automated. OpenFaaS allows us to package smart contracts as Docker images for easy deployment. Contract deployment time is now bounded only by the size of the Docker image being deployed but remains fast even for reasonably large images. We also take advantage of Docker’s flexibility and its ability to support any language that can run on x86 architecture. Any image, public or private, can be run as a smart contract using Dragonchain. Flexibility in Scaling Dragonchain’s architecture considers interoperability and integration as key features. From inception, we had a goal to increase adoption via integration with real business use cases and traditional systems. We envision the ability for Reddit, in the future, to be able to integrate alternate content storage platforms or other financial services along with the token. - LBRY - To allow users to deploy content natively to LBRY
- MakerDAO to allow users to lend small amounts backed by their Reddit community points.
- STORJ/SIA to allow decentralized on chain storage of portions of content. These integrations or any other are relatively easy to integrate on Dragonchain with an Interchain implementation.
Cost Cost estimates (on-chain and off-chain) For the purpose of this proposal, we assume that all transactions are on chain (posts, replies, and votes).
On the Dragonchain network, transaction costs are deterministic/predictable. By staking TIME on the business node (as described above) Reddit can reduce transaction costs to as low as $0.0000025 per transaction. Dragonchain Fees Table Getting Started How to run it
Building on Dragonchain is simple and requires no blockchain experience. Spin up a business node (L1) in our managed environment (AWS), run it in your own cloud environment, or on-prem in your own datacenter. Clear documentation will walk you through the steps of spinning up your first Dragonchain Level 1 Business node. Getting started is easy... - Download Dragonchain’s dctl
- Input three commands into a terminal
- Build an image
- Run it
More information can be found in our Get started documents. Architecture
Dragonchain is an open source hybrid platform. Through Dragon Net, each chain combines the power of a public blockchain (like Ethereum) with the privacy of a private blockchain. Dragonchain organizes its network into five separate levels. A Level 1, or business node, is a totally private blockchain only accessible through the use of public/private keypairs. All business logic, including smart contracts, can be executed on this node directly and added to the chain. After creating a block, the Level 1 business node broadcasts a version stripped of sensitive private data to Dragon Net. Three Level 2 Validating nodes validate the transaction based on guidelines determined from the business. A Level 3 Diversity node checks that the level 2 nodes are from a diverse array of locations. A Level 4 Notary node, hosted by a KYC partner, then signs the validation record received from the Level 3 node. The transaction hash is ledgered to the Level 5 public chain to take advantage of the hash power of massive public networks. Dragon Net can be thought of as a “blockchain of blockchains”, where every level is a complete private blockchain. Because an L1 can send to multiple nodes on a single level, proof of existence is distributed among many places in the network. Eventually, proof of existence reaches level 5 and is published on a public network. API Documentation APIs (on chain & off)
SDK Source Nobody’s Perfect Known issues or tradeoffs
- Dragonchain is open source and even though the platform is easy enough for developers to code in any language they are comfortable with, we do not have so large a developer community as Ethereum. We would like to see the Ethereum developer community (and any other communities) become familiar with our SDK’s, our solutions, and our platform, to unlock the full potential of our Ethereum Interchain. Long ago we decided to prioritize both Bitcoin and Ethereum Interchains. We envision an ecosystem that encompasses different projects to give developers the ability to take full advantage of all the opportunities blockchain offers to create decentralized solutions not only for Reddit but for all of our current platforms and systems. We believe that together we will take the adoption of blockchain further. We currently have additional Interchain with Ethereum Classic. We look forward to Interchain with other blockchains in the future. We invite all blockchains projects who believe in decentralization and security to Interchain with Dragonchain.
- While we only have 700 nodes compared to 8,000 Ethereum and 10,000 Bitcoin nodes. We harness those 18,000 nodes to scale to extremely high levels of security. See Dragonchain metrics.
- Some may consider the centralization of Dragonchain’s business nodes as an issue at first glance, however, the model is by design to protect business data. We do not consider this a drawback as these nodes can make any, none, or all data public. Depending upon the implementation, every subreddit could have control of its own business node, for potential business and enterprise offerings, bringing new alternative revenue streams to Reddit.
Costs and resources Summary of cost & resource information for both on-chain & off-chain components used in the PoC, as well as cost & resource estimates for further scaling. If your PoC is not on mainnet, make note of any mainnet caveats (such as congestion issues).
Every transaction on the PoC system had a transaction fee of $0.0001 (one-hundredth of a cent USD). At 256MM transactions, the demo cost $25,600. With current operational fees, the same demonstration would cost $640 USD. For the demonstration, to achieve throughput to mimic a worldwide payments network, we modeled several clients in AWS and 4-5 business nodes to handle the traffic. The business nodes were tuned to handle higher throughput by adjusting memory and machine footprint on AWS. This flexibility is valuable to implementing a system such as envisioned by Reddit. Given that Reddit’s daily traffic (posts, replies, and votes) is less than half that of our demo, we would expect that the entire Reddit system could be handled on 2-5 business nodes using right-sized containers on AWS or similar environments. Verification was accomplished on the operational Dragon Net network with over 700 independently owned verification nodes running around the world at no cost to the business other than paid transaction fees. Requirements Scaling This PoC should scale to the numbers below with minimal costs (both on & off-chain). There should also be a clear path to supporting hundreds of millions of users.
Over a 5 day period, your scaling PoC should be able to handle:
*100,000 point claims (minting & distributing points) *25,000 subscriptions *75,000 one-off points burning *100,000 transfers
During Dragonchain’s 24 hour demo, the above required numbers were reached within the first few minutes. Reddit’s total activity is 9000% more than Ethereum’s total transaction level. Even if you do not include votes, it is still 700% more than Ethereum’s current volume. Dragonchain has demonstrated that it can handle 250 million transactions a day, and it’s architecture allows for multiple systems to work at that level simultaneously. In our PoC, we demonstrate double the full capacity of Reddit, and every transaction was proven all the way to Bitcoin and Ethereum. Reddit Scaling on Ethereum Decentralization Solutions should not depend on any single third-party provider. We prefer solutions that do not depend on specific entities such as Reddit or another provider, and solutions with no single point of control or failure in off-chain components but recognize there are numerous trade-offs to consider
Dragonchain’s architecture calls for a hybrid approach. Private business nodes hold the sensitive data while the validation and verification of transactions for the business are decentralized within seconds and secured to public blockchains within 10 minutes to 2 hours. Nodes could potentially be controlled by owners of individual subreddits for more organic decentralization. - Billing is currently centralized - there is a path to federation and decentralization of a scaled billing solution.
- Operational multi-cloud
- Operational on-premises capabilities
- Operational deployment to any datacenter
- Over 700 independent Community Verification Nodes with proof of ownership
- Operational Interchain (Interoperable to Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ethereum Classic, open to more)
Usability Scaling solutions should have a simple end user experience. Users shouldn't have to maintain any extra state/proofs, regularly monitor activity, keep track of extra keys, or sign anything other than their normal transactions
Dragonchain and its customers have demonstrated extraordinary usability as a feature in many applications, where users do not need to know that the system is backed by a live blockchain. Lyceum is one of these examples, where the progress of academy courses is being tracked, and successful completion of courses is rewarded with certificates on chain. Our @Save_The_Tweet bot is popular on Twitter. When used with one of the following hashtags - #please, #blockchain, #ThankYou, or #eternalize the tweet is saved through Eternal to multiple blockchains. A proof report is available for future reference. Other examples in use are DEN, our decentralized social media platform, and our console, where users can track their node rewards, view their TIME, and operate a business node. Examples: Transactions complete in a reasonable amount of time (seconds or minutes, not hours or days)
All transactions are immediately usable on chain by the system. A transaction begins the path to decentralization at the conclusion of a 5-second block when it gets distributed across 5 separate community run nodes. Full decentralization occurs within 10 minutes to 2 hours depending on which interchain (Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Ethereum Classic) the transaction hits first. Within approximately 2 hours, the combined hash power of all interchained blockchains secures the transaction. Free to use for end users (no gas fees, or fixed/minimal fees that Reddit can pay on their behalf)
With transaction pricing as low as $0.0000025 per transaction, it may be considered reasonable for Reddit to cover transaction fees for users. All of Reddit's Transactions on Blockchain (month) Community points can be earned by users and distributed directly to their Reddit account in batch (as per Reddit minting plan), and allow users to withdraw rewards to their Ethereum wallet whenever they wish. Withdrawal fees can be paid by either user or Reddit. This model has been operating inside the Dragonchain system since 2018, and many security and financial compliance features can be optionally added. We feel that this capability greatly enhances user experience because it is seamless to a regular user without cryptocurrency experience, yet flexible to a tech savvy user. With regard to currency or token transactions, these would occur on the Reddit network, verified to BTC and ETH. These transactions would incur the $0.0000025 transaction fee. To estimate this fee we use the monthly active Reddit users statista with a 60% adoption rate and an estimated 10 transactions per month average resulting in an approximate $720 cost across the system. Reddit could feasibly incur all associated internal network charges (mining/minting, transfer, burn) as these are very low and controllable fees. Reddit Internal Token Transaction Fees Reddit Ethereum Token Transaction Fees When we consider further the Ethereum fees that might be incurred, we have a few choices for a solution. - Offload all Ethereum transaction fees (user withdrawals) to interested users as they wish to withdraw tokens for external use or sale.
- Cover Ethereum transaction fees by aggregating them on a timed schedule. Users would request withdrawal (from Reddit or individual subreddits), and they would be transacted on the Ethereum network every hour (or some other schedule).
- In a combination of the above, customers could cover aggregated fees.
- Integrate with alternate Ethereum roll up solutions or other proposals to aggregate minting and distribution transactions onto Ethereum.
Bonus Points Users should be able to view their balances & transactions via a blockchain explorer-style interface
From interfaces for users who have no knowledge of blockchain technology to users who are well versed in blockchain terms such as those present in a typical block explorer, a system powered by Dragonchain has flexibility on how to provide balances and transaction data to users. Transactions can be made viewable in an Eternal Proof Report, which displays raw data along with TIME staking information and traceability all the way to Bitcoin, Ethereum, and every other Interchained network. The report shows fields such as transaction ID, timestamp, block ID, multiple verifications, and Interchain proof. See example here. Node payouts within the Dragonchain console are listed in chronological order and can be further seen in either Dragons or USD. See example here. In our social media platform, Dragon Den, users can see, in real-time, their NRG and MTR balances. See example here. A new influencer app powered by Dragonchain, Raiinmaker, breaks down data into a user friendly interface that shows coin portfolio, redeemed rewards, and social scores per campaign. See example here. Exiting is fast & simple
Withdrawing funds on Dragonchain’s console requires three clicks, however, withdrawal scenarios with more enhanced security features per Reddit’s discretion are obtainable. Interoperability Compatibility with third party apps (wallets/contracts/etc) is necessary.
Proven interoperability at scale that surpasses the required specifications. Our entire platform consists of interoperable blockchains connected to each other and traditional systems. APIs are well documented. Third party permissions are possible with a simple smart contract without the end user being aware. No need to learn any specialized proprietary language. Any code base (not subsets) is usable within a Docker container. Interoperable with any blockchain or traditional APIs. We’ve witnessed relatively complex systems built by engineers with no blockchain or cryptocurrency experience. We’ve also demonstrated the creation of smart contracts within minutes built with BASH shell and Node.js. Please see our source code and API documentation. Scaling solutions should be extensible and allow third parties to build on top of it Open source and extensible
APIs should be well documented and stable
Documentation should be clear and complete
For full documentation, explore our docs, SDK’s, Github repo’s, architecture documents, original Disney documentation, and other links or resources provided in this proposal. Third-party permissionless integrations should be possible & straightforward Smart contracts are Docker based, can be written in any language, use full language (not subsets), and can therefore be integrated with any system including traditional system APIs. Simple is better. Learning an uncommon or proprietary language should not be necessary.
Advanced knowledge of mathematics, cryptography, or L2 scaling should not be required. Compatibility with common utilities & toolchains is expected. Dragonchain business nodes and smart contracts leverage Docker to allow the use of literally any language or executable code. No proprietary language is necessary. We’ve witnessed relatively complex systems built by engineers with no blockchain or cryptocurrency experience. We’ve also demonstrated the creation of smart contracts within minutes built with BASH shell and Node.js. Bonus Bonus Points: Show us how it works. Do you have an idea for a cool new use case for Community Points? Build it!
TIME Community points could be awarded to Reddit users based upon TIME too, whereas the longer someone is part of a subreddit, the more community points someone naturally gained, even if not actively commenting or sharing new posts. A daily login could be required for these community points to be credited. This grants awards to readers too and incentivizes readers to create an account on Reddit if they browse the website often. This concept could also be leveraged to provide some level of reputation based upon duration and consistency of contribution to a community subreddit. Dragon Den Dragonchain has already built a social media platform that harnesses community involvement. Dragon Den is a decentralized community built on the Dragonchain blockchain platform. Dragon Den is Dragonchain’s answer to fake news, trolling, and censorship. It incentivizes the creation and evaluation of quality content within communities. It could be described as being a shareholder of a subreddit or Reddit in its entirety. The more your subreddit is thriving, the more rewarding it will be. Den is currently in a public beta and in active development, though the real token economy is not live yet. There are different tokens for various purposes. Two tokens are Lair Ownership Rights (LOR) and Lair Ownership Tokens (LOT). LOT is a non-fungible token for ownership of a specific Lair. LOT will only be created and converted from LOR. Energy (NRG) and Matter (MTR) work jointly. Your MTR determines how much NRG you receive in a 24-hour period. Providing quality content, or evaluating content will earn MTR. Security. Users have full ownership & control of their points.
All community points awarded based upon any type of activity or gift, are secured and provable to all Interchain networks (currently BTC, ETH, ETC). Users are free to spend and withdraw their points as they please, depending on the features Reddit wants to bring into production. Balances and transactions cannot be forged, manipulated, or blocked by Reddit or anyone else
Users can withdraw their balance to their ERC20 wallet, directly through Reddit. Reddit can cover the fees on their behalf, or the user covers this with a portion of their balance. Users should own their points and be able to get on-chain ERC20 tokens without permission from anyone else
Through our console users can withdraw their ERC20 rewards. This can be achieved on Reddit too. Here is a walkthrough of our console, though this does not show the quick withdrawal functionality, a user can withdraw at any time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNlTMxnfVHw Points should be recoverable to on-chain ERC20 tokens even if all third-parties involved go offline
If necessary, signed transactions from the Reddit system (e.g. Reddit + Subreddit) can be sent to the Ethereum smart contract for minting. A public, third-party review attesting to the soundness of the design should be available
To our knowledge, at least two large corporations, including a top 3 accounting firm, have conducted positive reviews. These reviews have never been made public, as Dragonchain did not pay or contract for these studies to be released. Bonus points
Public, third-party implementation review available or in progress
See above Compatibility with HSMs & hardware wallets
For the purpose of this proposal, all tokenization would be on the Ethereum network using standard token contracts and as such, would be able to leverage all hardware wallet and Ethereum ecosystem services. Other Considerations Minting/distributing tokens is not performed by Reddit directly
This operation can be automated by smart contract on Ethereum. Subreddits can if desired have a role to play. One off point burning, as well as recurring, non-interactive point burning (for subreddit memberships) should be possible and scalable
This is possible and scalable with interaction between Dragonchain Reddit system and Ethereum token contract(s). Fully open-source solutions are strongly preferred
Dragonchain is fully open source (see section on Disney release after conclusion). Conclusion Whether it is today, or in the future, we would like to work together to bring secure flexibility to the highest standards. It is our hope to be considered by Ethereum, Reddit, and other integrative solutions so we may further discuss the possibilities of implementation. In our public demonstration, 256 million transactions were handled in our operational network on chain in 24 hours, for the low cost of $25K, which if run today would cost $625. Dragonchain’s interoperable foundation provides the atmosphere necessary to implement a frictionless community points system. Thank you for your consideration of our proposal. We look forward to working with the community to make something great! Disney Releases Blockchain Platform as Open Source The team at Disney created the Disney Private Blockchain Platform. The system was a hybrid interoperable blockchain platform for ledgering and smart contract development geared toward solving problems with blockchain adoption and usability. All objective evaluation would consider the team’s output a success. We released a list of use cases that we explored in some capacity at Disney, and our input on blockchain standardization as part of our participation in the W3C Blockchain Community Group. https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-blockchain/2016May/0052.html Open Source In 2016, Roets proposed to release the platform as open source to spread the technology outside of Disney, as others within the W3C group were interested in the solutions that had been created inside of Disney. Following a long process, step by step, the team met requirements for release. Among the requirements, the team had to: - Obtain VP support and approval for the release
- Verify ownership of the software to be released
- Verify that no proprietary content would be released
- Convince the organization that there was a value to the open source community
- Convince the organization that there was a value to Disney
- Offer the plan for ongoing maintenance of the project outside of Disney
- Itemize competing projects
- Verify no conflict of interest
- Preferred license
- Change the project name to not use the name Disney, any Disney character, or any other associated IP - proposed Dragonchain - approved
- Obtain legal approval
- Approval from corporate, parks, and other business units
- Approval from multiple Disney patent groups Copyright holder defined by Disney (Disney Connected and Advanced Technologies)
- Trademark searches conducted for the selected name Dragonchain
- Obtain IT security approval
- Manual review of OSS components conducted
- OWASP Dependency and Vulnerability Check Conducted
- Obtain technical (software) approval
- Offer management, process, and financial plans for the maintenance of the project.
- Meet list of items to be addressed before release
- Remove all Disney project references and scripts
- Create a public distribution list for email communications
- Remove Roets’ direct and internal contact information
- Create public Slack channel and move from Disney slack channels
- Create proper labels for issue tracking
- Rename internal private Github repository
- Add informative description to Github page
- Expand README.md with more specific information
- Add information beyond current “Blockchains are Magic”
- Add getting started sections and info on cloning/forking the project
- Add installation details
- Add uninstall process
- Add unit, functional, and integration test information
- Detail how to contribute and get involved
- Describe the git workflow that the project will use
- Move to public, non-Disney git repository (Github or Bitbucket)
- Obtain Disney Open Source Committee approval for release
On top of meeting the above criteria, as part of the process, the maintainer of the project had to receive the codebase on their own personal email and create accounts for maintenance (e.g. Github) with non-Disney accounts. Given the fact that the project spanned multiple business units, Roets was individually responsible for its ongoing maintenance. Because of this, he proposed in the open source application to create a non-profit organization to hold the IP and maintain the project. This was approved by Disney. The Disney Open Source Committee approved the application known as OSSRELEASE-10, and the code was released on October 2, 2016. Disney decided to not issue a press release. Original OSSRELASE-10 document Dragonchain Foundation The Dragonchain Foundation was created on January 17, 2017. https://den.social/l/Dragonchain/24130078352e485d96d2125082151cf0/dragonchain-and-disney/ |
Author: Gamals Ahmed, CoinEx Business Ambassador https://preview.redd.it/5bqakdqgl3g51.jpg?width=865&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=b709794863977eb6554e3919b9e00ca750e3e704 A decentralized storage network that transforms cloud storage into an account market. Miners obtain the integrity of the original protocol by providing data storage and / or retrieval. On the contrary, customers pay miners to store or distribute data and retrieve it.
Filecoin announced, that there will be more delays before its main network is officially launched.
Filecoin developers postponed the release date of their main network to late July to late August 2020.
As mentioned in a recent announcement, the Filecoin team said that the initiative completed the first round of the internal protocol security audit. Platform developers claim that the results of the review showed that they need to make several changes to the protocol’s code base before performing the second stage of the software testing process.
Created by Protocol Labs, Filecoin was developed using File System (IPFS), which is a peer-to-peer data storage network. Filecoin will allow users to trade storage space in an open and decentralized market.
Filecoin developers implemented one of the largest cryptocurrency sales in 2017. They have privately obtained over $ 200 million from professional or accredited investors, including many institutional investors.
The main network was slated to launch last month, but in February 2020, the Philly Queen development team delayed the release of the main network between July 15 and July 17, 2020.
They claimed that the outbreak of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China was the main cause of the delay. The developers now say that they need more time to solve the problems found during a recent codecase audit.
The Filecoin team noted the following: “We have drafted a number of protocol changes to ensure that building our major network launch is safe and economically sound.” The project developers will add them to two different implementations of Filecoin (Lotus and go-filecoin) in the coming weeks.
Filecoin developers conducted a survey to allow platform community members to cast their votes on three different launch dates for Testnet Phase 2 and mainnet.
The team reported that the community gave their votes. Based on the vote results, the Filecoin team announced a “conservative” estimate that the second phase of the network test should begin by May 11, 2020. The main Filecoin network may be launched sometime between July 20 and August 21, 2020.
The updates to the project can be found on the Filecoin Road Map.
Filecoin developers stated: “This option will make us get the most important protocol changes first, and then implement the rest as protocol updates during testnet.” Filecoin is back down from the final test stage.
Another filecoin decentralized storage network provider launched its catalytic test network, the final stage of the storage network test that supports the blockchain.
In a blog post on her website, Filecoin said she will postpone the last test round until August. The company also announced a calibration period from July 20 to August 3 to allow miners to test their mining settings and get an idea of how competition conditions affected their rewards.
Filecoin had announced earlier last month that the catalytic testnet test would precede its flagship launch. The delay in the final test also means that the company has returned the main launch window between August 31 and September 21.
Despite the lack of clear incentives for miners and multiple delays, Filecoin has succeeded in attracting huge interest, especially in China. Investors remained highly speculating on the network’s mining hardware and its premium price.
Mining in Filecoin In most blockchain protocols, “miners” are network participants who do the work necessary to promote and maintain the blockchain. To provide these services, miners are compensated in the original cryptocurrency.
Mining in Filecoin works completely differently — instead of contributing to computational power, miners contribute storage capacity to use for dealing with customers looking to store data.
Filecoin will contain several types of miners: Storage miners responsible for storing files and data on the network. Miners retrieval, responsible for providing quick tubes for file recovery. Miners repair to be carried out.
Storage miners are the heart of the network. They earn Filecoin by storing data for clients, and computerizing cipher directories to check storage over time. The probability of earning the reward reward and transaction fees is proportional to the amount of storage that the Miner contributes to the Filecoin network, not the hash power.
Retriever miners are the veins of the network. They earn Filecoin by winning bids and mining fees for a specific file, which is determined by the market value of the said file size. Miners bandwidth and recovery / initial transaction response time will determine its ability to close recovery deals on the network.
The maximum bandwidth of the recovery miners will determine the total amount of deals that it can enter into.
In the current implementation, the focus is mostly on storage miners, who sell storage capacity for FIL.
Hardware recommendations
The current system specifications recommended for running the miner are: - CPU 8+
- NVIDIA-manufactured GPU (to be expanded).
- SSD drive designated as large buffer (512GB +).
- Large amount of RAM for data replication account (128GB +)
Compared to the hardware requirements for running a validity checker, these standards are much higher — although they definitely deserve it. Since these will not increase in the presumed future, the money spent on Filecoin mining hardware will provide users with many years of reliable service, and they pay themselves many times. Think of investing as a small business for cloud storage. To launch a model on the current data hosting model, it will cost millions of dollars in infrastructure and logistics to get started. With Filecoin, you can do the same for a few thousand dollars.
Proceed to mining Deals are the primary function of the Filecoin network, and it represents an agreement between a client and miners for a “storage” contract.
Once the customer decides to have a miner to store based on the available capacity, duration and price required, he secures sufficient funds in a linked portfolio to cover the total cost of the deal. The deal is then published once the mine accepts the storage agreement. By default, all Filecoin miners are set to automatically accept any deal that meets their criteria, although this can be disabled for miners who prefer to organize their deals manually.
After the deal is published, the customer prepares the data for storage and then transfers it to the miner. Upon receiving all the data, the miner fills in the data in a sector, closes it, and begins to provide proofs to the chain. Once the first confirmation is obtained, the customer can make sure the data is stored correctly, and the deal has officially started.
Throughout the deal, the miner provides continuous proofs to the chain. Clients gradually pay with money they previously closed. If there is missing or late evidence, the miner is punished. More information about this can be found in the Runtime, Cut and Penalties section of this page.
At Filecoin, miners earn two different types of rewards for their efforts: storage fees and reward prevention.
Storage fees are the fees that customers pay regularly after reaching a deal, in exchange for storing data. This fee is automatically deposited into the withdrawal portfolio associated with miners while they continue to perform their duties over time, and is locked for a short period upon receipt.
Block rewards are large sums given to miners calculated on a new block. Unlike storage fees, these rewards do not come from a linked customer; Instead, the new FIL “prints” the network as an inflationary and incentive measure for miners to develop the chain. All active miners on the network have a chance to get a block bonus, their chance to be directly proportional to the amount of storage space that is currently being contributed to the network.
Duration of operation, cutting and penalties “Slashing” is a feature found in most blockchain protocols, and is used to punish miners who fail to provide reliable uptime or act maliciously against the network.
In Filecoin, miners are susceptible to two different types of cut: storage error cut, unanimously reduce error.
Storage Error Reduction is a term used to include a wider range of penalties, including error fees, sector penalties, and termination fees. Miners must pay these penalties if they fail to provide reliability of the sector or decide to leave the network voluntarily.
An error fee is a penalty that a miner incurs for each non-working day. Sector punishment: A penalty incurred by a miner of a disrupted sector for which no error was reported before the WindowPoSt inspection.
The sector will pay an error fee after the penalty of the sector once the error is discovered.
Termination Fee: A penalty that a miner incurs when a sector is voluntary or involuntarily terminated and removed from the network.
Cutting consensus error is the penalty that a miner incurs for committing consensus errors. This punishment applies to miners who have acted maliciously against the network consensus function.
Filecoin miners Eight of the top 10 Felticoin miners are Chinese investors or companies, according to the blockchain explorer, while more companies are selling cloud mining contracts and distributed file sharing system hardware. CoinDesk’s Wolfe Chao wrote: “China’s craze for Filecoin may have been largely related to the long-standing popularity of crypto mining in the country overall, which is home to about 65% of the computing power on Bitcoin at discretion.”
With Filecoin approaching the launch of the mainnet blocknet — after several delays since the $ 200 million increase in 2017 — Chinese investors are once again speculating strongly about network mining devices and their premium prices.
Since Protocol Labs, the company behind Filecoin, released its “Test Incentives” program on June 9 that was scheduled to start in a week’s time, more than a dozen Chinese companies have started selling cloud mining contracts and hardware — despite important details such as economics Mining incentives on the main network are still endless.
Sales volumes to date for each of these companies can range from half a million to tens of millions of dollars, according to self-reported data on these platforms that CoinDesk has watched and interviews with several mining hardware manufacturers.
Filecoin’s goal is to build a distributed storage network with token rewards to spur storage hosting as a way to drive wider adoption. Protocol Labs launched a test network in December 2019. But the tokens mined in the testing environment so far are not representative of the true silicon coin that can be traded when the main network is turned on. Moreover, the mining incentive economics on testnet do not represent how final block rewards will be available on the main network.
However, data from Blockecoin’s blocknetin testnet explorers show that eight out of 10 miners with the most effective mining force on testnet are currently Chinese miners.
These eight miners have about 15 petabytes (PB) of effective storage mining power, accounting for more than 85% of the total test of 17.9 petable. For the context, 1 petabyte of hard disk storage = 1000 terabytes (terabytes) = 1 million gigabytes (GB).
Filecoin craze in China may be closely related to the long-standing popularity of crypt mining in the country overall, which is home to about 65% of the computing power on Bitcoin by estimation. In addition, there has been a lot of hype in China about foreign exchange mining since 2018, as companies promote all types of devices when the network is still in development.
“Encryption mining has always been popular in China,” said Andy Tien, co-founder of 1475, one of several mining hardware manufacturers in Philquin supported by prominent Chinese video indicators such as Fenbushi and Hashkey Capital.
“Even though the Velikoyen mining process is more technologically sophisticated, the idea of mining using hard drives instead of specialized machines like Bitcoin ASIC may be a lot easier for retailers to understand,” he said.
Meanwhile, according to Feixiaohao, a Chinese service comparable to CoinMarketCap, nearly 50 Chinese crypto exchanges are often somewhat unknown with some of the more well-known exchanges including Gate.io and Biki — have listed trading pairs for Filecoin currency contracts for USDT.
In bitcoin mining, at the current difficulty level, one segment per second (TH / s) fragmentation rate is expected to generate around 0.000008 BTC within 24 hours. The higher the number of TH / s, the greater the number of bitcoins it should be able to produce proportionately. But in Filecoin, the efficient mining force of miners depends on the amount of data stamped on the hard drive, not the total size of the hard drive.
To close data in the hard drive, the Filecoin miner still needs processing power, i.e. CPU or GPU as well as RAM. More powerful processors with improved software can confine data to the hard drive more quickly, so miners can combine more efficient mining energy faster on a given day.
As of this stage, there appears to be no transparent way at the network level for retail investors to see how much of the purchased hard disk drive was purchased which actually represents an effective mining force.
The U.S.-based Labs Protocol was behind Filecoin’s initial coin offer for 2017, which raised an astonishing $ 200 million.
This was in addition to a $ 50 million increase in private investment supported by notable venture capital projects including Sequoia, Anderson Horowitz and Union Square Ventures. CoinDk’s parent company, CoinDk, has also invested in Protocol Labs.
After rounds of delay, Protocol Protocols said in September 2019 that a testnet launch would be available around December 2019 and the main network would be rolled out in the first quarter of 2020.
The test started as promised, but the main network has been delayed again and is now expected to launch in August 2020. What is Filecoin mining process?
Filecoin mainly consists of three parts: the storage market (the chain), the blockecin Filecoin, and the search market (under the chain). Storage and research market in series and series respectively for security and efficiency. For users, the storage frequency is relatively low, and the security requirements are relatively high, so the storage process is placed on the chain. The retrieval frequency is much higher than the storage frequency when there is a certain amount of data. Given the performance problem in processing data on the chain, the retrieval process under the chain is performed. In order to solve the security issue of payment in the retrieval process, Filecoin adopts the micro-payment strategy. In simple terms, the process is to split the document into several copies, and every time the user gets a portion of the data, the corresponding fee is paid. Types of mines corresponding to Filecoin’s two major markets are miners and warehousers, among whom miners are primarily responsible for storing data and block packages, while miners are primarily responsible for data query. After the stable operation of the major Filecoin network in the future, the mining operator will be introduced, who is the main responsible for data maintenance.
In the initial release of Filecoin, the request matching mechanism was not implemented in the storage market and retrieval market, but the takeover mechanism was adopted. The three main parts of Filecoin correspond to three processes, namely the stored procedure, retrieval process, packaging and reward process. The following figure shows the simplified process and the income of the miners:
The Filecoin mining process is much more complicated, and the important factor in determining the previous mining profit is efficient storage. Effective storage is a key feature that distinguishes Filecoin from other decentralized storage projects. In Filecoin’s EC consensus, effective storage is similar to interest in PoS, which determines the likelihood that a miner will get the right to fill, that is, the proportion of miners effectively stored in the entire network is proportional to final mining revenue.
It is also possible to obtain higher effective storage under the same hardware conditions by improving the mining algorithm. However, the current increase in the number of benefits that can be achieved by improving the algorithm is still unknown.
It seeks to promote mining using Filecoin Discover Filecoin announced Filecoin Discover — a step to encourage miners to join the Filecoin network. According to the company, Filecoin Discover is “an ever-growing catalog of numerous petabytes of public data covering literature, science, art, and history.” Miners interested in sharing can choose which data sets they want to store, and receive that data on a drive at a cost. In exchange for storing this verified data, miners will earn additional Filecoin above the regular block rewards for storing data. Includes the current catalog of open source data sets; ENCODE, 1000 Genomes, Project Gutenberg, Berkley Self-driving data, more projects, and datasets are added every day.
Ian Darrow, Head of Operations at Filecoin, commented on the announcement: “Over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created every day. This data includes 294 billion emails, 500 million tweets and 64 billion messages on social media. But it is also climatology reports, disease tracking maps, connected vehicle coordinates and much more. It is extremely important that we maintain data that will serve as the backbone for future research and discovery”.
Miners who choose to participate in Filecoin Discover may receive hard drives pre-loaded with verified data, as well as setup and maintenance instructions, depending on the company. The Filecoin team will also host the Slack (fil-Discover-support) channel where miners can learn more.
Filecoin got its fair share of obstacles along the way. Last month Filecoin announced a further delay before its main network was officially launched — after years of raising funds.
In late July QEBR (OTC: QEBR) announced that it had ceded ownership of two subsidiaries in order to focus all of the company’s resources on building blockchain-based mining operations.
The QEBR technology team previously announced that it has proven its system as a Filecoin node valid with CPU, GPU, bandwidth and storage compatibility that meets all IPFS guidelines. The QEBR test system is connected to the main Filecoin blockchain and the already mined filecoin coin has already been tested.
“The disclosure of Sheen Boom and Jihye will allow our team to focus only on the upcoming global launch of Filecoin. QEBR branch, Shenzhen DZD Digital Technology Ltd. (“ DZD “), has a strong background in blockchain development, extraction Data, data acquisition, data processing, data technology research. We strongly believe Filecoin has the potential to be a leading blockchain-based cryptocurrency and will make every effort to make QEBR an important player when Mainecoin mainnet will be launched soon”.
IPFS and Filecoin Filecoin and IPFS are complementary protocols for storing and sharing data in a decentralized network. While users are not required to use Filecoin and IPFS together, the two combined are working to resolve major failures in the current web infrastructure.
IPFS It is an open source protocol that allows users to store and transmit verifiable data with each other. IPFS users insist on data on the network by installing it on their own device, to a third-party cloud service (known as Pinning Services), or through community-oriented systems where a group of individual IPFS users share resources to ensure the content stays live.
The lack of an integrated catalytic mechanism is the challenge Filecoin hopes to solve by allowing users to catalyze long-term distributed storage at competitive prices through the storage contract market, while maintaining the efficiency and flexibility that the IPFS network provides.
Using IPFS In IPFS, the data is hosted by the required data installation nodes. For data to persist while the user node is offline, users must either rely on their other peers to install their data voluntarily or use a central install service to store data.
Peer-to-peer reliance caching data may be a good thing as one or multiple organizations share common files on an internal network, or where strong social contracts can be used to ensure continued hosting and preservation of content in the long run. Most users in an IPFS network use an installation service.
Using Filecoin The last option is to install your data in a decentralized storage market, such as Filecoin. In Filecoin’s structure, customers make regular small payments to store data when a certain availability, while miners earn those payments by constantly checking the integrity of this data, storing it, and ensuring its quick recovery. This allows users to motivate Filecoin miners to ensure that their content will be live when it is needed, a distinct advantage of relying only on other network users as required using IPFS alone.
Filecoin, powered by IPFS It is important to know that Filecoin is built on top of IPFS. Filecoin aims to be a very integrated and seamless storage market that takes advantage of the basic functions provided by IPFS, they are connected to each other, but can be implemented completely independently of each other. Users do not need to interact with Filecoin in order to use IPFS.
Some advantages of sharing Filecoin with IPFS: - Filecoin and IPFS CIDs share hash specifications.
- Use libp2p by Filecoin nodes to create secure connections with each other.
- Messaging between nodes and cluster propagation is facilitated in Filecoin by libp2p pubsub.
- IPLD use for blockchain data structures.
- Use Graphsync to transfer data between nodes.
Of all the decentralized storage projects, Filecoin is undoubtedly the most interested, and IPFS has been running stably for two years, fully demonstrating the strength of its core protocol.
Filecoin’s ability to obtain market share from traditional central storage depends on end-user experience and storage price. Currently, most Filecoin nodes are posted in the IDC room. Actual deployment and operation costs are not reduced compared to traditional central cloud storage, and the storage process is more complicated.
PoRep and PoSt, which has a large number of proofs of unknown operation, are required to cause the actual storage cost to be so, in the early days of the release of Filecoin. The actual cost of storing data may be higher than the cost of central cloud storage, but the initial storage node may reduce the storage price in order to obtain block rewards, which may result in the actual storage price lower than traditional central cloud storage.
In the long term, Filecoin still needs to take full advantage of its P2P storage, convert storage devices from specialization to civil use, and improve its algorithms to reduce storage costs without affecting user experience. The storage problem is an important problem to be solved in the blockchain field, so a large number of storage projects were presented at the 19th Web3 Summit. IPFS is an important part of Web3 visibility. Its development will affect the development of Web3 to some extent. Likewise, Web3 development somewhat determines the future of IPFS. Filecoin is an IPFS-based storage class project initiated by IPFS. There is no doubt that he is highly expected.
Resources : - https://www.coindesk.com/filecoin-pushes-back-final-testing-phase-announces-calibration-period-for-miners
- https://docs.filecoin.io/mine/#types-of-miners https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/inside-the-craze-for-filecoin-crypto-mining-in-china-2020-07-12؟amp
- https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/qebr-streamlines-holdings-to-concentrate-on-filecoin-development-and-mining-301098731.html
- https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2020/05/161200-filecoin-seeks-to-boost-mining-with-filecoin-discove
- https://zephyrnet.com/filecoin-seeks-to-boost-mining-with-filecoin-discove
- https://docs.filecoin.io/introduction/ipfs-and-filecoin/#filecoin-powered-by-ipfs
submitted by Hi all, i've built a web app for bitcoin miners, called the "Bitcoin Cost Estimator” that I would like to adapt for use in solar power. Unfortunately it's only half baked. It uses the NREL API to pull a users electric generation rate based on their address, but without pulling their transmission rate, it's only one half of the true data. I do understand there are intricacies involved here, not everybody pays the same rate for their electricity... utilities charge more if you use more, and it depends on time of day... i just want to get a more accurate number. It does have "estimator" in the title, but as of now it has no way of calculating the transmission charges, only generation... Can anybody help me find an API or an algorithmic method that would allow me to grab the transmission rates by address, zip code, latitude longitude... or some other criteria?
Before someone says something like “just input your rate per KwH” let me tell you, I meet 2-3 people per day who have no clue what their true electric rate is. I sell solar power, and i look at a lot of electric bills, let me give you an example.
Im looking at an Eversource bill right now, displaying a generation rate of 8.53 cents per kilowatt hour, this customer used 1310 kilowatt hours in a month, and has an electric bill of 247.38... if you do the math, 8.53 cents * 1310 does not equal 247.48, it equals 111.74, so often times I’ll walk into a customers home and they say "what are you offering for an electric rate? Because I pay 8.5 cents" and i have to explain to them that with a $247.38 bill, at 1310 kilowatts, their electric rate is closer 18.88 cents. (247.38/1310 = 18.88) if i deduct the connection charge (23.75) we get 223.63, which would actually be a better number to do the math on, because you will always pay a connection fee regardless, even if you unplug everything and use no electricity for the month, you will always pay a service charge just to be connected to the grid. sooo... 223.63/1310 = 17.07 cents/KwH.
Looking over countless bills, I can tell you that number is always somewhere between 17 and 20 cents here in my state, so that's the degree of accuracy i'm looking for... its not 100% accurate, its a spread, but it's far more accurate than doing the math at 8.5 cents. The delivery rates (at least here in CT) are also broken down by kilowatt hour. When i look at the number of people who think their electric rate is something other than what it is, it gives me pause looking at bitcoin mining calculators... How many CT residents are looking at a bitcoin mining calculator and entering 8.5 cents per KwH instead of 17-20 cents per KwH? (I mean obviously nobody is mining bitcoin in CT but still...)
when it comes to delivery the customer on this bill pays the utility company...
2.6 cents/KwH --- transmission charge
3.4 cents/KwH --- distributed charge per KwH
.13 cents/KwH --- Electric system improvement
.2 cents/KwH --- revenue adjustment mechanism
.015 cents/KwH --- CTA charge per KwH
1.08 cents/KwH --- FMCC delivery charge
1.02 cents/KwH --- combined public benefits charge
(These are the pieces missing from my code)
These combined add around 8.5 cents/KwH to his total electric rate... 8.5+8.5 = 17 cents. The connection charge is the only part of the bill not directly linked to KwH usage.
I don't know what the structure is for other bills in other utility districts, but I assume the dataset exists, cause i'm looking at it on my bill, and I look at it on my customers bills every day.
I do have a brute force solution, which would involve looking at a utility bill for every district in the country, and hard coding all of those charges i see from sample bills into the algorithm... the obvious problem with this is that as utility companies raise their rates, I would have to stay on top of that and frequently edit the code...
My algorithm is to collect the users address, convert it to longitude/latitude for my API to digest, then make a get request to the API for the generation rate (not transmission rate) at those coordinates.
Then the bitcoin math... Not to go too in-depth, but it pulls the hashrate, calculates how many KwH needed for any given miner to hash enough to mine one bitcoin (hashes to mine 1 block divided by 12, I understand bitcoin are mined by the block, it’s an abstraction) etc etc.
The point here is to build something idiot proof... there is a large population of people who are incapable of entering their price per kilowatt hour into a calculator, because they literally do not know what their price per KwH is...they just think that they do. They think it’s half of what it is. This demographic makes up about 50-60% of people I meet who want to go solar. (This may be unbelievable to coders, but not to a solar salesman)
I know bitcoin miners are smarter than your average Joe, but people who want to save on their electric bill are generally not well versed in electricity, and I would like my algorithm to have applications beyond the crypto space.
Furthermore, there’s a million bitcoin mining calculator that ask you to put in your price per KwH... the idea here is to build something different.
Not interested in answers along the line of “can’t be done” or “why not just input your price per KwH like any other bitcoin calculator”, so if that’s all you’ve got for me, please save your keystrokes.
submitted by Two of the most interesting economic incentives of the Bitcoin network are it’s mining difficulty adjustment and its disinflationary issuance rate (quadrennial halvenings).
These two features make bitcoin distinct from any other asset or currency, one reason why financial analysts have such a difficult time figuring out what it should be worth. To help myself model bitcoin price, I tried to derive a halvening based valuation model. TL;DR halvening based valuation doesn’t work.
To illustrate the challenge in valuing Bitcoin, we can first consider the halvening mechanism with a hypothetically fixed cost of mining. No new miners enter the market, energy prices are fixed and mining hardware does not become more efficient. The current cost to mine one bitcoin is around $6000. The next halvening will cut supply rate in half, driving the cost per bitcoin to $12,000. If Bitcoin price tracks its cost of production perfectly, this would be the price per Bitcoin by the 2020 halvening.
But here’s the challenge, everyone knows the Bitcoin halvenings is coming, so how much should you pay today for a Bitcoin that you know will be worth $12K in about 9 months? It’s reasonable to pay the future price of $12K, minus the opportunity cost of investing in something else for 9 months (about 4% return is standard). So $11,520 is fair. Incidentally, this is about the current price of Bitcoin. In other words, at $11,520, the rate of return in Bitcoin (assuming fixed difficulty) in 9 months is the same as a low risk index fund.
But in another 4 years, mining cost/BTC becomes $24K. And in 8 years, it reaches $48K. So how much should you pay today for an asset that costs $48K to produce in 8.75 years. We could use the same opportunity cost model of 4% compounded over 8.75 years ( 1.048.75 = ~1.4 = ~40% return) and a fair price to pay today should be $28.8K.
Again, this assumes no difficulty adjustment. But if bitcoin were priced at $28.8K today, miners would have a huge incentive to scale up, increasing the difficulty. As difficulty increases, cost of production rises and so $48K is too low of an estimate for the cost/BTC in 8.75 years. This leads to hype cycles. Investors buy at higher prices to anticipate rising production cost/BTC; miners use current price to justify paying higher production cost/BTC; investors buy at even higher prices to account for rising production cost and so on.
So, production cost + halvening cannot tell us what is a reasonable price per Bitcoin today.
Instead of looking at production (the supply side) we must also consider the demand side. What price per Bitcoin can the market absorb? This question is dependent on adoption and usage.
While it’s tempting to analyze the effects of halvenings and difficulty adjustments in isolation, the reality is that the value of bitcoin will be determined by real world demand for a decentralized and borderless currency and store of value. The supply side of bitcoin is written in code and will do its job. The demand side is dependent on us humans.
submitted by OVERVIEW
Rarely has any technology such as blockchain attracted the public and media organisations. Institutions designed to catalyze the fourth industrial revolution are experimenting with technology, and investors have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in blockchain companies. This is a low-risk, experimental environment with error protection. Innovation is a combination of creativity and implementation. Ideas often must go through an evolutionary or cyclical phase before they are ready for commercialization. In fact, the cycle is so long that it is too expensive, inefficient in terms of time and money to generate and generate ideas, and in most cases almost never reaches commercial value. Thus, almost 99% of venture capital firms fail.
A fast growing technology that has come to enhance the blockchain technology is CYPHERIUM.

CHALLENGES FACING THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
The Bitcoin framework is one of the most notable usage of blockchain innovations in circulated exchange based frameworks. In Bitcoin, each system hub seeks the benefit of putting away a lot of at least one exchanges in another square of the blockchain by comprehending a complex computational math issue, here and there alluded to as a mining verification of-work (POW). Under current conditions, a lot of exchanges is ordinarily put away in another square of the Bitcoin blockchain at a pace of around one new square like clockwork, and each square has an inexact size of one megabyte (MB). As needs be, the Bitcoin framework is dependent upon a looming versatility issue: as it were 3 to 7 exchanges can be handled every second, which is far underneath the quantity of exchanges handled in other exchange based frameworks, for example, the roughly 30,000 exchanges for each second in the Visa™ exchange framework. The most huge disadvantage of the Nakamoto accord is its absence of irrevocability. Conclusion implies once an exchange or an activity is performed on the blockchain, it is for all time recorded on the blockchain and difficult to turn around. This is fundamental to the wellbeing of money related repayment frameworks as exchanges must not be saved once they are made. For Bitcoin's situation, noxious on-screen characters can alter the exchange history given enough hash power, causing a twofold spending assault, given that there is sufficient motivator and money related practicality to complete such assaults. Given that mining gear leasing and botnets are at present predominant around the world, such an assault has become achievable.
Because of this absence of conclusiveness, Nakamoto accord must depend on additional measures, for example, confirmation of-work to forestall pernicious exercises. This hinders the capacity ofNakamoto accord to scale in light of the fact that a exchange must hang tight for various affirmations before coming to "probabilistic absolution".
In this way, wellbeing isn't ensured by Nakamoto agreement, and so as to secure the system, each exchange must experience extra an ideal opportunity to process. For Bitcoin's situation, an exchange isn't considered last until in any event six affirmations. Since Bitcoin can just process a couple of exchanges every second, the exchange cost is preposterously high, making it unreasonable for little installments like shopping for food or eatery feasting. This extraordinarily frustrates Bitcoin's utilization as an installment strategy in this present reality.

CYPHERIUM SOLUTIONS
Cypherium's exclusive algorithm, CypherBFT conquers burdens of the earlier craftsmanship by giving a circulated exchange framework including a gathering of validator hubs that are known to each other in a system however are undefined to the next system hubs in the system. As utilized thus, the gathering of validator hubs might be alluded to as a "Board of trustees" of validator hubs. In a few explanations, the framework reconfigures at least one validator hubs in the Committee dependent on the consequences of confirmation of-work (POW) challenges. As per some uncovered epitomes, a system hub that isn't as of now a validator hub in the Committee might be added to the Committee on the off chance that it effectively finishes a POW challenge. In such an occasion, the system hub may turn into another validator hub in the Committee, supplanting a current validator hub. In elective epitomes, a system hub may become another validator hub in the Committee dependent on a proof-of-stake (POS) accord. In yet another epitome, a system hub may turn into another validator hub in the Committee dependent on a verification of-authority (POA) agreement. In other elective exemplifications, a system hub may turn into a new validator hub in the Committee dependent on a mix of any of POW, POA, and POS accord.

In some revealed exemplifications, the new validator hub replaces a validator hub in the Committee. The substitution might be founded on a foreordained guideline known by all the hubs in the system. For model, the new validator hub may supplant the most established validator hub in the Committee. As indicated by another model, the new validator hub may supplant a validator hub that has been resolved to have gone disconnected, become bargained (e.g., hacked), fizzled (e.g., because of equipment breakdown), or in any case is inaccessible or not, at this point trusted. In the praiseworthy exemplifications, the circulated framework expect that for an adaptation to non-critical failure of f hubs, the Committee incorporates at any rate 3f +1 validator hubs.
Since the validator hubs in the Committee might be every now and again supplanted, for instance, contingent upon the measure of time required to finish the POW challenges, it is hard for vindictive outsiders to identify the total arrangement of validator hubs in the Committee at some random time.

BENEFITS OF CYPHERIUM BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Cypherium runs its exclusive CypherBFT accord, tied down by the HotStuff calculation, and can genuinely offer moment irrevocability for its system clients. With its HotStuff-based structure, the CypherBFT's runtime keeps going just 20-30 milliseconds (ms). A few affirmations are all that is required to for all time acknowledge a proposed obstruct into the blockchain, and it just takes 90ms for these affirmations to come to pass, making the procedure essentially quicker than the two-minutes required by EOS.
Cypherium's CypherBFT, which additionally uses HotStuff, doesn't have to pick between responsiveness and linearity. Cypherium's double blockchain structure incorporates the velocities of a dag, however its review for clients can occur a lot more straightforward and quicker, which adds to the accessibility of data and makes the data more decentralized.
As per some revealed epitomes, the validator hubs in the Committee may get exchange demands from other system hubs, for instance, in a P2P organize. The Committee may incorporate at any rate one validator hub that fills in as a "Pioneer" validator hub; the other validator hubs might be alluded to as "Partner" validator hubs. The Leader hub might be changed occasionally, on request, or inconsistently by the individuals from the Committee. At the point when any validator hub gets another exchange demand from a non-validator hub in the system, the exchange solicitation might be sent to the entirety of the validator hubs in the Committee. Further to the unveiled epitomes, the Pioneer hub facilitates with the other Associate validator hubs to arrive at an accord of an attitude (e.g., acknowledge or dismiss) for an exchange square containing the exchange solicitation and communicates the accord to the whole P2P arrange. In the event that the accord is to acknowledge or in any case approve the exchange demand, the mentioned exchange might be included another square of a blockchain that is known to in any event a portion of the system hubs in the system.
In conclusion, CYPHERIUM'S distributed smart-contracts block-chain is ideal for a good number of use cases which include (but not limited to):
Finance
Messaging
Voting
Notarization
Digital Agreements (Contracts)
Secure data storage
A.I (Artificial Intelligence)
IoT (Internet of Things
To know more about CYPHERIUM kindly visit the following links:
WEBSITE:
https://cypherium.io/ GITHUB:
https://github.com/cypherium WHITEPAPER:
https://github.com/cypherium/patent/blob/maste15224.0003%20-%20FINAL%20Draft%20Application%20(originally%200003%20invention%201)%20single%20chain%20in%20pipeline.pdf TELEGRAM:
https://t.me/cypherium_supergroup TWITTER:
http://twitter.com/cypheriumchain FACEBOOK:
https://www.facebook.com/CypheriumChain/ AUTHOR: Nwali Jennifer
Bitcoin mining calculator Summary. Enter the hash rate of your Bitcoin mining hardware (mandatory). Enter additional optional information, such as pool fees, electricity costs, etc. The more information you enter, the more accurate the result will be. The list of all installed miners and all the mining algorithms. Here you can see the hashing speed for each algorithm as well as the daily and monthly income estimation. The upper panel will display a red message in case one of the monitored miners fails. Disclaimer: Mining metrics are calculated based on current network hash rate and using a BTC - USD exchange rate based on user inputted price. These figures vary based on the total network hash rate and on the BTC to USD conversion rate. Block reward is fixed at 6.25 BTC. Future block reward and hash rate changes are not taken into account. The Bitcoin price and the total network hash rate. The Bitcoin network hash rate is growing at a rate of 0.4527678% per day. This means if you buy 50 TH/s of mining hardware your total share of the network will go DOWN every day compared to the total network hash rate. Accurate Bitcoin mining calculator trusted by millions of cryptocurrency miners. Updated in 2020, the newest version of the Bitcoin profit calculator makes it simple and easy to quickly calculate mining profitability for your Bitcoin mining hardware.
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